J---U---N---E

 

 

June 2006


28--29--30--31--01..02--03
04--05--06--07--08--09--10
11--12--13--14--
15--16--17
18--19--20--21--22--23--24
25--26--27--28--
29--30—0

 

Saints & Celebrations


1. Thursday: Easter 7: Saint Justin, martyr

2. Friday: Easter 7: or Saints Marcellinus and Peter

3. Saturday: Easter 7: [Saint Charles Lwanga and companions]

Vigil of Sunday


4 Sunday: PENTECOST

5. Monday: Week 9-0: Saint Boniface

6. Tuesday: Week 9-0

7. Wednesday: Week 9-0

8. Thursday: Week 9-0

9. Friday: Week 9-0 or Saint Ephrem

10. Saturday: Week 9-0

Vigil of Sunday


11 Sunday: TRINITY SUNDAY B

Saint Barnabas, Apostle

12. Monday: Week 10-0

13. Tuesday: Week 10-0: Saint Anthony of Lisbon / Padua

14. Wednesday: 10-0

15. Thursday: 10-0

16. Friday: 10-0

17. Saturday: 10-0

Vigil of Sunday


18 Sunday: CORPUS CHRISTI

19. Monday: Week 11-0 : Saint Romuald

20. Tuesday:

21. Wednesday: Saint Aloysius Gonzaga

22. Thursday: or Saint Paulinus of Nola, or Saints John Fisher, & Thomas More]

23. Friday: Solemnity of The Most Sacred Heart

24. Saturday: The Nativity of Saint John the Baptist [Heart of Mary]


Vigil of Sunday

25 Sunday: Week XII B

26. Monday: Week 12-0

27. Tuesday: Week 12-0: or Saint Cyril of Alexandria

28. Wednesday: Week 12-0: Saint Irenaeus

29. Thursday: Week 12-0: SAINTS PETER AND PAUL, APOSTLES

30. Friday: Week 12-0 or The First Holy Martyrs of the Holy Roman Church

 

Saints & Celebrations

 

JUNE

01: Saint Justin 574

02: Saints Marcellinus & Peter 575

03: Saints Charles Lwanga & Companions 576

05: Saint Boniface & companions 577

06: Saint Norbert 578

09: Saint Ephraem 579

11: Saint Barnabas, Apostle 580

13: Saint Anthony of Padua 581

19: Saint Romuald 582

21: Saint Aloysius Gonzaga 583

22: Saint Paulinus Of Nola 584

22: Saints John Fisher & Thomas More 585

24: THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST 586-587

27: Saint Cyril Of Alexandria 588

27: Saint Josémaria Escrivá 588A ?

28: Saint Irenaeus 589

29: SAINTS PETER AND PAUL 590-591

30: The First Martyrs Of Rome 592

 

 

Analysis of The Saints of June

Birth                   Death:          

?                          30s                 Birth of John The Baptist

?                          64?                 Saint Peter

?                          64?                 Saint Paul

?                          64                   First Martyrs Of Rome

?                          100?               Barnabas, Apostle

?                          166                 Justin

120-140              202-203         Irenaeus

?                          303/304         Marcellinus & Pete

306?                    378                 Ephrem

?                          400s               Onuphrius

354?                    431                 Paulinus Of Nola

370                      444                 Cyril Of Alexandria

?                          754                 Boniface

950?                    1027               Romuald

1080-1085          1134               Norbert

1195                    1231               Anthony Of Padua

1469                    1535               John Fisher

1478                    1535               Thomas More

1568                    1591               Aloysius Gonzaga

1850s-1870s      1886               Charles Lwanga & al.

1902                    1975               Josemaría Escrivá

 

Category

Name

Martyrs

Justin,

Marcellinus & Peter,

Charles Lwanga & Companions,

Boniface & Companions,

John Fisher & Thomas More,

Peter & Paul,

The First Martyrs of Rome

Apostle

Apostles: Barnabas, Peter, Paul

Pope

Pope: Saint Peter

Bishops

Saints Boniface, Norbert, Paulinus of Nola, John Fisher, Cyril of Alexandria,

Priests

Saints Justin, Anthony of Padua, Josemaria Escriva

Deacon

Deacons: Saint Ephrem

 

Consecrated

Benedictine

Saints Boniface

Camadolese

Romuald

Franciscan

Anthony of Padua

hermit

Onuphrius

Jesuit

Aloysius Gonzaga

Opus Dei

Josemaria Escriva

Premonstatneisan

Norbert

 

Lay

Occupation

Name

catechist

Saint Justin

soldiers

Saints Marcellinus & Peter

royal pages

Saints Charles Lwanga & Companions

Lawyer, government

Thomas More

 

Married: Peter (widower?);  Thomas More

Scriptural: Peter, Paul, Barnabas, John the Baptist

 

Nationality

Name

Jewish

John The Baptist

Peter & Paul

First Martyrs of Rome?

Barnabas

Roman Empire

First Martyrs of Rome

Justin

Marcellinus & Peter

Paulinus Of Nola

Syrian

Ephrem

Egyptian

Onuphrius, Cyril of Alexandria

English

Boniface, John Fisher, Thomas More

German

Boniface

Norbert

Italian

Romuald, Anthony of Padua, Aloysius Gonzaga

Portuguese

Anthony of Padua

Spanish

Josemaría Escrivá

Ugandan

Charles Lwanga & al.

 

Liturgical Rank

Name

Solemnity

Birth of John The Baptist

Saint Peter & Saint Paul

Memorial

Aloysius Gonzaga

Anthony Of Padua

Barnabas

Boniface

Charles Lwanga & Companions

First Martyrs of Rome

Josemaría Escrivá

Justin

Norbert

Romuald

Optional Memorial

Cyril Of Alexandria

Ephrem

John Fisher

Marcellinus & Peter

Onuphrius

Paulinus Of Nola

Thomas More

 


06-01

Saint Justin

(Martyred 165)

This second century layman is remember for his heroic martyrdom and his writings.

Born about the year 100 in the Holy Land, he was a pagan until in his thirties he was converted to Christ after investigating various philosophies, and became a lay Christian philosopher in at Rome where he was martyred in the persecution of Marcus Aurelius about the year 165. 

There are nine references in the Catechism to the writings of Saint Justin.


06-02

Saints Marcellinus & Peter

(Martyred -c. 303/304)

These fourth century laymen [?] are remembered for their heroic martyrdom during final great persecution in the year 304, and are listed in the Roman Canon.


06-03

Saints Charles Lwanga & Companions

(Martyred 1886)

They were twelve young Ugandan, between the ages of 14 and 30, and were either part of the royal group of noble boys or part of the guard of their pagan king.

Some were newly baptized, and other were faithful and staunch Catholics.  

When they refuses the impure desires of the king, some were killed some slain by the swords, others burnt in fire in the year.  The Martyrology says it happened in 1886, but other sources say it was between 1885-1887.


06-05

Saint Boniface

(Martyred in 754 with 30 Companions)

This eighth century English Benedictine priest and bishop is remembered for his heroic death with thirty others in the year 754 in an ambush by pagans, and for his founding the Church in Germany.

He is considered to be the Apostle of Germany.

However, his contemporary, the forgotten Saint Pirmin, was also an apostle to Germany – southern Germany where the Alamanni had settled.  He too was a bishop and the founder of a monastery – the first on Germany soil. 

 


06-06

Saint Norbert

(1080/1085-1134)

This eleventh & twelfth century priest is remember for his heroic life of chastity, obedience and poverty, and for the founding of the Pre/monstra/TEN/sian order, more commonly called "The Norbertines," and for his zeal as bishop of Magdenburg in Germany. 


June 7, 1925.

Matthew Talbot

1856-1925

Though not canonized nor beatified, he declared “Venerable” in 1975.

His life is the story of man born in abject poverty in Dublin, Ireland, one of 12 children, who was an alcoholic by the age of 13.  But he was a hard worker as long as his health held out, which it did until he was 28, when he reached the bottom.

However, his faith saved him, especially his devotion to the Mass.

He gave up his drinking and became a dependable hard worker again, and lived the simple and pious life, always giving away what money he could in order to help those in need, always on his knees in prayer or reading pious books, and never missing Mass, even during the battles of the Easter uprising in 1916.

 

Mike McCormack, the National Historian for the Ancient Order of Hibernians, writes of his last days:

“In 1920, he was hospitalized with a heart condition - he was 67.

Placed on light work through the intercession of friends, he continued to work, sharing his wages until June 7, 1925.

While on his way to Mass, Matt Talbot suffered a massive heart attack and died on a Dublin street.

At the hospital, while undressing his body, attendants found a heavy chain wrapped around his waist, another around his arm, and yet another around his leg.

He had worn them beneath his clothes as a constant reminder that he was a slave to Jesus and Mary.

This remarkable discovery prompted an inquiry which disclosed his secret life of devotion, penance, and charity.

His room contained no more than the bare necessities of a monastic cell - an iron bedstead, a wooden mat-tress and pillow, covered with a half-blanket, a chair, a table and a crucifix. His meals consisted of dry bread and cold tea or cocoa taken three times a day, with some cold fish added for dinner; he spent his leisure time in prayer and study.

Had he died at home, he probably would have remained unknown.

Instead, the one-time hard-drinking Dublin dock walloper became an inspiration to those who think they can't make it alone, or are too weak to turn their backs on earthly pleasures.

 

Today [2005], there is a Matt Talbot Movement, under the direction of the Redemptorists, which consists of more than 160 retreat groups of more than .144,000 people in Ireland, America, and Canada. “

Note that “Matt” Talbot turned around his by the using the psychological trick of pledging to not to drink first for a period of time, and finally forever,  that his motivation was his love of God, and the grace of God received from prayer and the sacraments, especially the Eucharist.

 

Today, there is a Matt Talbot Movement, under the direction of the Redemptorists, which consists of more than 160 retreat groups of more than .144,000 people in Ireland, America, and Canada. And the source of that inspira­tion is Matt Talbot, a Dublin drunk who grew up in Leopold Bloom's Dublin and was declared Venerable by his Church in 1973 because he saw God's side of life, not the self indulgent side.


06-09

Saint Ephrem

(c 306-378)

This fourth century Easter deacon is remembered as a Doctor of the Church and for his heroic life as a hermit.  He died in 373 in Syria.


06-11

Saint Barnabas, Apostle

This "Son of Consolation" (the meaning of his name) apostolic era Cyprian Jew is remembered as a co-worker with the Apostle Paul, as we read in the Acts of the Apostles in chapter 11 and elsewhere, and is even called an "apostle" in Acts 4:36.

 

The special first reading for this memorial is Acts 11: 21-26; 13: 1-3, which tells us how Barnabas was helped Saint Paul,

"Set apart Barnabas and Saul for me to do the work for which I have called them."


06-12

Saint Onuphrius

(c. A.D. 400 ?)

This fifth century Egyptian hermit is not on the general calendar, but his legend as a naked saint living in some remote part of the Egyptian desert, mysteriously disappearing at death, ensures that he will not be forgotten.


06-13

Saint Anthony Of Padua

(1195-1231)

This twelfth to the thirteenth century Franciscan priest is remembered in Portugal -- where he was born and grew up, and in Italy where he lived most of life until he died in 1231 at the age of 36 -- as the first Franciscan to teacher theology, as a powerful defended of the Faith, and as a wonderful miracle worker.  He has the title of "Evangelical Doctor" of the Church.

 


06-19

Saint Romuald

(c950-1027)

This ninth to the tenth century Italian priest is remember as a saintly founder of what would become the Camaldolese order hermits.  He died in his hermitage near Camadoli, Italy in 1027.  


06-21

Saint Aloysius Gonzaga

(1568-1591)

This young Jesuit is remember for his renunciation of his life as a high Italian nobility for the evangelical councils of poverty, chastity, and obedience, and vows of the Jesuits.  While he was preparing for the priesthood, he died at Rome, helping victims of a deadly epidemic,.  Because of his age at death -- twenty-three - he has been declared a Patron of Youth.


06-22a

Saint Paulinus Of Nola

(c. 354-431)

This fourth to the fifth century bishop is remembered for his conversion from a luxurious pagan life as Prefect of Rome, lawyer, married man to a baptized Christian and later bishop of Nola near Naples, Italy, where he lives as a model bishop, poor, chaste, and complete dedication to his flock.  Many of his letters to Saint Augustine, Jerome, Ambrose and Martin of Tour and others are preserved, and also some of his Christian poetry.


06-22b

Saints John Fisher & Thomas More

(Martyred 1685)

These fifteenth to sixteenth century Englishmen were very different -- Fisher was a bishop and More was a rich married man of high political status -- , but both were martyred for the same reason: they would not acknowledge King Henry VIII as head of the Church in England.

 

Bishop John Fisher (1469-1535) was the well-known bishop of Rochester, England, and the only English bishop willing to die rather sign the Act of Supremacy.

Not only that, but he also failed his king in not being able to obtain an annulment of his marriage to Catherine, and indeed he opposed Henry's divorce.

He sang the Te Deum as the headsman’s axe fell.

 

Thomas More (1478-1535)

Even if Thomas More were not remembered as a martyr for His conscience and Faith, he would be remember as being a Lord Chancellor of England, and a famous writer.

He tried to assure Henry -- and his own family -- that he was a loyal subject of the King but also a loyal Catholic of the Pope.   He also opposed Henry's divorce and resigned his office as Lord Chancellor.

Thomas’ last words before he was beheaded were that he was “the King’s good servant, but God’s first.”


06-24

THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST

Gloria, 3 readings; Creed, special preface

Background

John the Baptist is the only Saint -- except for Mary -- who has two memorials.

Today's we celebrate his birth, and on August 29 we celebrate his martyrdom,

 

The authoritative summary of his role is in #523 of the Catechism:

St. John the Baptist is the Lord's immediate precursor or forerunner, sent to prepare His way.

(Acts 13:24, and Matthew 11:13)

"Prophet of the Most High”, John surpasses all the prophets, of whom he is the last.

(Luke 1:76; 7:26, and Matthew 11:13)

He inaugurates the Gospel, already from his mother's womb welcomes the coming of Christ, and rejoices in being "the friend of the bridegroom," whom he points out as "the Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world."

(John 1:19; Acts 1:22, Luke 1:41; 16:16, and John 3:29)

Going before Jesus "in the spirit and power of Elijah," John bears witness to Christ in his preaching. by his Baptism of conversion, and through his martyrdom.

(Luke 1:17; and Mark 6:17-29)

 

The Preface of John the Baptist is also very informative:

“Father, all-powerful and ever-living God, we do well always everywhere to give you thanks through Jesus Christ our Lord.

We praise your greatness as we honor the prophet

who prepared the way before your Son.

You set John the Baptist apart from other men, marking him out with special favor.

His birth brought great rejoicing.

Even in the womb he leapt for joy, so near was man's salvation.

You chose John the Baptist from all the prophets to show the world its redeemer,

the lamb of sacrifice.

He baptized Christ, the giver of baptism, in waters made holy by the One Who was baptized.

You found John worthy of a martyr's death, his last and greatest act of witness to your Son.

In our unending joy we echo on earth the song of the angels in heaven,

as they praise your glory for ever:

Holy, holy, holy Lord, God of power and might, heaven and earth are full of your glory.

Hosanna in the highest.”

 

The Gospel selection for the vigil of the solemnity gives us the beginning of the story of John the Baptist.

An angel says Elizabeth is to be a mother

"Do not be afraid, Zechariah, because your prayer has been heard.

Your wife Elizabeth will bear you a son, and you shall name him John.

And you will have joy and gladness, and many will rejoice at his birth,

for he will be great in the sight of the Lord.

John will drink neither wine nor strong drink.

He will be filled with the Holy Spirit even from his mother's womb,

and he will turn many of the children of Israel to the Lord their God.

He will go before him in the spirit and power of Elijah

to turn their hearts toward their children,

and the disobedient to the understanding of the righteous,

to prepare a people fit for the Lord."  (Luke 1:5-17)

 

Readings for the Solemnity Day itself

Themes:

The Greatness of John; His Role: leading others to Christ

 

Isaiah 49:1-6 - words that apply to Jesus, and to John the Baptist

Salvation promised for Israel and the world

“For now the Lord has spoken, who formed me as his servant from the womb,

that Jacob may be brought back to him and Israel gathered to him;

and I am made glorious in the sight of the Lord, and my God is now my strength!

It is too little, He says, for you to be my servant, to raise up the tribes of Jacob,

and restore the survivors of Israel;

I will make you a light to the nations, that my salvation may reach to the ends of the earth.”

 

Acts 13: 22-26 - Paul preaches in the synagogue at Antioch in Pisidia

The Role of John the Baptist

“John heralded his coming by proclaiming a baptism of repentance to all the people of Israel;

and as John was completing his course, he would say,

`What do you suppose that I am?  I am not he.

Behold, one is coming after me.  I am not worthy to unfasten the sandals of his feet.'

 

Luke 1:57-66, 80 - background to Christ’s birth

Elizabeth says his name will be John

"No. He will be called John."

Zachariah writes that his name is John

"John is his name,"

What others said

"What, then, will this child be?” 

For surely the hand of the Lord was with him.

The child grew and became strong in spirit,

and he was in the desert until the day of his manifestation to Israel.


06-26

Saint Josemaría Escrivá

(1902-1975)

This twentieth century Spanish priest is the founder of the controversial Opus Dei, "The Work of God," which is founded in Madrid in 1928, with the approval of the Church.  Obviously, the communists opposed him during the Spanish Civil War, but even after that he and the Opus Dei continued to be opposed not only by those outside the Church but even by many in the Church.  He was canonized in 2002, and the Opus Dei has is own personal diocese, known as a "Prelature" directly under the Pope, but which works with the various territorial dioceses in which its Opus Dei members live.

It is claimed that it is an ultra right secret society, but neither charge is true, though is conservative and does have an air of secrecy connected with it.

It's members, both lay and clerical has the task of bringing Christ into their work and are lead by the spirit of Saint Josémaría.

The "Priestly of the Holy Cross" is the sacerdotal part of the Opus Dei,

Web: http://www.opusdei.org


06-27

Saint Cyril Of Alexandria

(370-444)

This Egyptian bishop (Patriarch of Alexandria) is remembered for his defense of the divinity of Christ again the teaching of the bishop Nestorius, Patriarch of Constantinople.

He is remembered for his opposition to Nestorianism which taught that Jesus was both a human person and a divine person, united somehow voluntarily, and therefore Mary was simply the mother of the human Jesus, not the Mother of God which was contrary to the teaching of the third ecumenical council, the Council of Ephesus, in 431.

 

Unfortunately, he is also remembered for two very controversial acts.  The first is his occasioning a riot which resulted in the brutal murder noted woman teacher of neo-platonism, Hypathia.  The second controversial act was his expulsion of the Jews from the city.

What exactly lead up to this violence is not known or the expulsion, but it not because of these acts that the Church considers him to be a Saint, and that in 1883 he was declared a Doctor of the Church.  His personal faithfulness to Christ and his historic defense the Mary divinity of

Another strange part of his story is his involvement in the deposing of Saint John Chrysostom as Patriarch of Constantinople.

 

Saint Cyril is cited twice in the Catechism: Com. #738 on the role of the Holy Spirit in the Church, and #1381 on believing the words of Jesus when He speaks of His Body and Blood.

Note that there is another Saint Cyril - Saint Cyril of Jerusalem (c.315-386) whose memorial is March 18.


06-28

Saint Irenaeus

This eastern missionary to southern France and bishop of Lyon, died around 202.  He was a disciple of Saint Polycarp, and his orthodoxy is reflected in his famous defense of the faith, Adversus Haereses.  Against the Gnostics, he defended the Church from the Bible and insisted upon  Roman tradition as the norm of apostolic teaching.  He is traditionally called a martyr, but historically there is no record of his martyrdom.


06-29

 SAINTS PETER & PAUL

SOLEMNITY.

Red, special prayers, Gloria, 3 readings, Creed

Background

Both died at Rome,  Peter around the year 64, and Paul around the year 67.

They are the co-founders of the Church of Rome.  The Mass has three special readings.

The famous historian Eusebius (260?340?) wrote:

“It is recorded that Paul was beheaded in Rome itself [1] and that Peter also was crucified in Nero's time, and that there was the inscription of “Peter and Paul” over the cemeteries there, which has prevailed to the present day.

Confirming the story this story also is a man of the Church named Cajus, who lived in the time of Zephyrinus, Bishop of Rome.[199-217, 14th bishop after Peter]

“When [Peter] he had overcome Simon [Acts 8:9 ff.], he, in sowing the doctrine of God among the people, and in teaching chastity, disturbed the minds of the non-Jews.

And when these went after him, the Christians begged him to withdraw himself for temporarily.

Although he was desirous to suffer, he was moved at the sight of the people praying that he save himself in order to continue instructing and strengthening his people.  (Ecclesiastical History: Book 2, chapter 25).

The famous bishop of Milan, Saint Ambrose (c. 339-397, feast day Dec. 7), in writing against a theologian named Auxentius, gave us the basis for the “Quo vadis?” story.

At night [Peter] begins to leave the town, and seeing Christ coming to meet him at the gate, and going the city, says: “Lord, where are You going?”

Christ answers: “I am coming to be crucified again.”

Peter understood the divine answer to refer to his own cross,

for Christ could not be crucified a second time,

for He had put off the flesh by suffering the death that He had undergone,

As to His death, He died to sin once and for all.  As to His life He lives for God.”

(Romans 6:10)

So Peter understood that Christ was to be crucified again in the person of His servant.

Therefore he willingly returned, and, when the Christians questioned him, told them why he returned.

He was immediately seized, and glorified the Lord Jesus by his cross.”

 

The Readings for the Day Of The Solemnity

Acts 12: 1-11

Persecution

In those days, King Herod laid hands upon some members of the Church to harm them.

He had James, the brother of John, killed by the sword, and when he saw that this was pleasing to the Jews he proceeded to arrest Peter also.

The Angel of the Lord appears

"Get up quickly." The chains fell from his wrists.

 

2 Timothy 4:6-8, 17-18

Paul knows his end is near

I Paul, am already being poured out like a libation, and the time of my departure is at hand. I have competed well; I have finished the race.

I have kept the faith.

From now on the crown of righteousness awaits me, which the Lord, the just judge,

will award to me on that day, and not only to me, but to all who have longed for his appearance. [...] “The Lord will rescue me from every evil threat

and will bring me safe to his heavenly kingdom.

To him be glory forever and ever. Amen.

 

Matthew 16:13-19

The Big Question : "Who do people say that the Son of Man is?"

Peter Answers the Question : "You are the Christ, the Son of the living God."

Jesus promises

"Blessed are you, Simon son of Jonah.

For flesh and blood has not revealed this to you, but my heavenly Father.

And so I say to you, you are Peter,

and upon this rock I will build my church,

and the gates of the netherworld shall not prevail against it.

I will give you the keys to the kingdom of heaven.

Whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven,

and whatever you loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven."


06-30 -

The First Martyrs Of Rome

(Nero’s Persecution AD 64).

The Roman emperor Nero blamed the burning of Rome in the year 64 on the Christians and many were tortured and slain. The pagan writer Tacitus testifies to these events in his "Annales" (15, 44), as does Pope Saint Clement, in his letter to the Corinthians (chapters 5-6).

These were the first Martyrs of Rome.   There would be many more. It would be only in the beginning of the fourth century that on-and-off persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire would cease during the pontificate of Saint Melchiades (or "Miltiades") (311-314, #32).

 


Friday after Corpus Christi

Sacred Heart

Ezekiel 34:11-16 - The Divine Shepherd

“As a shepherd tends his flock when he finds himself among his scattered sheep, so will I tend my sheep.”

Romans  5:5b-11 - The Love of God

The love of God has been poured out into our hearts

through the Holy Spirit that has been given to us.

For Christ, while we were still helpless, died at the appointed time for the ungodly.

Luke 15:3-7 - Christ the Good shepherd

“What man among you having a hundred sheep and losing one of them

would not leave the ninety-nine in the desert and go after the lost one until he finds it?”


Saturday following Corpus Christi

Immaculate Heart of Mary

Memorial

The Gospel for this memorial is proper.

The first reading is either from the Common of the Blessed Virgin Mary, or:

 

Isaiah 61:9-11 - the thoughts of Mary

I rejoice heartily in the Lord, in my God is the joy of my soul,

for he has clothed me with a robe of salvation, and wrapped me in a mantle of justice,

Like a bridegroom adorned with a diadem, like a bride bedecked with her jewels.

 

Luke 2:41-51 - the Child Jesus is lost in the Temple

Mary’s astonishment

“Son, why have you done this to us?

Your father and I have been looking for you with great anxiety.”

Her Son’s astonishment

“Why were you looking for Me?   Did you not know that I must be in My Father’s house?”

 



[1] The tradition that Paul suffered martyrdom in Rome appears quite certain. There are no conflicting accounts in antiquity that contradict it.